Essay on Cry, the Beloved Country, by Alan Paton - 661 Words

Cry, the Beloved Country In a country torn by segregation and hatred, one man seeks to rebuild his family and his tribe. Cry, the beloved country is a tale of forgiveness, generosity, and endurance. In the story, the main protagonist is helped by a number of characters. A South African man Stephen Kumalo loses his young son, but is still determined to improve the life of his people. In this black mans country, white mans law had broken the tribe, divided the people and corrupted the youth. How could these wounds of hatred be healed, when would the youth realize the immorality of their actions, and when would South Africans achieve unity. Father Vincent said Fear is a journey, a terrible journey, but sorrow is at least an†¦show more content†¦One must be thankful for what one already possesses and work hard to improve. Kumalo gets Absalom and the girl married and took the girl home. It also helps him realize Absaloms condition when he committed the crime. Msimangu said I see only one hope for this country and that is when white and black men, desiring neither power nor money, but desiring only the good of their country come together to work for it. South Africa was plagued with problems of poverty, apartheid, and crime. Kumalo realizes that in order to find some solution people must forgive each other for what has already happened and make a joint effort to provide a new life to the country. Mourning about the past helps nobody, its a better future that peoples should strive for. James Jarviss son had been murdered by Absalom. Still, he forgave Kumalo and worked to improve the dismal life of the black people in his valley. This poverty, he thought was the main reason for black crime. Kumalo also forgives people of his own family for their mistakes. Although, his sister Gertrude was a prostitute and his son had an illegitimate affair with a young girl, he accepted both Gertrude and the young girl into his family. A lawyer took the case of Kumalo for God, Msimangu helped him financially, Ms Lithebe provided his family shelter, and although Jarvis had lost his son to black crime, he still helped rebuild Ndotsheni. This spirit ofShow MoreRelatedCry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton1076 Words   |  5 PagesAlan Paton who was a South African author and anti-apartheid activist wrote the novel Cry, the Beloved Country, The novel publication in 1948 was just before South Africa institutionalized racial segregation under Apartheid. Paton addresses the destruction of the tribal system in South Africa due to white colonization by using the novel as a medium to illustrate is damage. Throughout the novel we are exposed to the numerous problems resulting from the colonization. Communities are in collapse, theRead MoreCry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton838 Words   |  3 Pagesindividuals. Alan Paton examines this problem in Cry, the Beloved Country. Throughout the story, Paton adds specific personalities to his characters to contribute to change. Characters in Cry, the Beloved Country went through hardships that changed them to realize reality and its outcomes. Paton accordingly creates a picture throughout his story to explain the problems in South Africa. There are many contributing factors of Paton’s idea to identify as being important for change to occur in Cry, the BelovedRead MoreCry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton696 Words   |  3 PagesCry, the Beloved Country is a novel with remarkable lyricism written by Alan Paton. Born as a white South African, Alan Paton grew up during a time period marked by racial inequality and later became an activist against apartheid. He was a devout Christian so many of his writings reflect Christian faith. As an activist, he wrote many books about South Africa and racial injustice. While traveling around Europe, he began writing Cry, the Beloved Country, which was published in 1948. That same yearRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country By Alan Paton1155 Words   |  5 Pages Cry, The Beloved Country by Alan Paton is a stunning and all too accurate depiction of apartheid in South Africa. Even though the novel centers on John Kumalo and his struggling family, it subtly shows the social going ons of South Africa supposedly in 1948, when the book was written. Strong examples of this come across in the choral chapters of the novel. These chapters give voice to the people of South Africa. Chapter nine shows the struggles of being black during apartheid, chapter 12 shows theRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country, By Alan Paton1373 Words   |  6 Pagesescape with various routes, but an escape that interestingly calls back to the nature of innocence and child-like questions. It is in this way that Alan Paton’s enduring novel, Cry, The Beloved Country, takes on a unique and refreshing approach to a basic question: that of the equality and dignity of all people. Throughout Cry, The Beloved Country, Paton exudes frequent references to childhood, a devout religiosity, and of course, a return to simple questions; all of which contribute the idea of innocenceRead MoreCry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton778 Words   |  4 Pagesfront to give it the opposite meaning. Therefor e, it means a land free of cold and horror. It’s such an ironic name for a country where people are living their lives with hunger and fear. The conditions in South Africa during mid-1900 were even worse than they are today. Alan Paton addresses these issues in his novel, Cry, the Beloved Country, published in 1948. Paton uses two contrasting places to present his view of South Africa while suggesting solutions. The desolate village of NdotsheniRead MoreImagery In Cry, The Beloved Country By Alan Paton768 Words   |  4 Pagesnoises, etc, as did the roles in the novel. Alan Paton uses a strong voice packed with imagery in his passage, â€Å"For they grow red and bare; they cannot hold the rain and mist, and the streams are dry in the kloofs. Too many cattle feed upon the grass, and too many fires have burned it. Stand shod upon it, for it is coarse and sharp, and the stones cut under the feet. It is not kept or guarded, or cared for, it no longer keeps men, guards men, cares for men† (Paton, 34). The overwhelming senses of touchRead MoreCry The Beloved Country By Alan Paton Analysis928 Words   |  4 PagesIt is no new information that God tends to directs the ordinary people out of their normal lives and make something great out of them. This reprsents what occured in Stephen Kumalos life from the book Cry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton. Those who live broken and imperfect are the people God sees something special in. Grabbing these people out of their brokenness and make the world better through them. Like all the other ordinary people that contributed in Gods plan, Stephen Kumalos journeyRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country By Alan Paton Reconciliation981 Words   |  4 PagesDespite the violence depicted amongst the whites and blacks of South Africa, in Cry, The Beloved Country by Alan Paton reconciliation and the spirit of unity present themselves through two men: Reverend Kumalo and James Jarvis. To be able to reconcile and unite with others, people must first be able to look inward and come to peace with themselves. One of the main struggles throughout Cry, The Beloved Country emanates from within the characters, as they try to come to terms with events. StephenRead MoreAlan Paton s Cry, The Beloved The Country1358 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Blacks, leading up to the Civil War, and during the Apartheid, the Natives were segregated from the Whites. In Alan Paton’s Cry, the Beloved the Country, the main character Stephen Kumalo goes through a journey to restore his tribe. During his journey, he discovers and learns of the injustices in South Africa. Through the parallels and contradictions of biblical allusions, Alan Paton is able to explain the impact of racial inequality in South Africa, but signifies how unconditional love and hope

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1088 Words

Throughout the 20th and 21st century race relations have been a substantial issue. Some issues have went through trial, and others have not. Even today in society, race related matters are still continuing. One is being targeted for the color of their skin, the traditional clothes they wear, and the principals they believe in. Many trials have been brought to court but there are an abundance of other situations that have not been brought to the eyes of others. To Kill A Mockingbird takes place in the 1930s, and tells a story of a lawyer named Atticus who defends a false conviction on an African- American man, Tom Robinson, for raping a white woman. His children undergo abuse from other children because of the racism of their community. Atticus presents precise evidence that points to Tom Robinson’s innocence, but all white jury convicts him. When he tries and escapes from his imprisonment, he is shot to death. After secret gifts and a life-saving situation, Atticus’ children learn through his defense on trial, to accept love and friendship from a white man named Boo Radley, who is known as an outcast in their town. The Scottsboro Trials opened the eyes of blacks and whites to the racist legal system of the 1930’s. Nine African-Americans, known as the Scottsboro Boys, were accused of raping two white women. These young men were riding freight trains illegally to find better work. Officials with guns searched the train for any black youth, rounded them up, and took them toShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by H arper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to p ublish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was pov erty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establ ishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, her

We see them in public discourses, Filipino lawyers and people of the law expressing their opinions and rebuttals in English Essay Example For Students

We see them in public discourses, Filipino lawyers and people of the law expressing their opinions and rebuttals in English Essay We see them in public discourses, Filipino lawyers and people of the law expressing their opinions and rebuttals in English. We see them stored up in voluminous heights, documents of trial proceedings written in English. Our courts are alive with people engaging in the litany of judicial trials in English. For a layman who has no grasp of the motions of court trials, the experience could well be both overwhelming and confusing, not only on account of the case itself, but also on the awesome impact of the language being extensively used during the whole process. English, though considered the second language of many Filipinos and first language to some Graddol, 1997 continues to strike up controversy among sectors of the society à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" those who feel that our own national language, i. e. , Filipino, and therefore our nationalism are threatened by the widening popularity of English; those who fear that the underprivileged and non-English speaking litigants are deprived of justice; and/or those who simply could not and would not accept that there is such a language with absolute accuracy to equate to fair interpretation of law and therefore fair rendition of judgment. This paper intends to express a hypothesis that argues: The use of the English language in the Philippine judicial system ensures accurate interpretation of the law and therefore fair rendition of judgment. As such, the paper hopes to show that the use of the English language in the law profession does not necessarily put the English language in a pedestal of absoluteness, nor its use deprive justice to non-English speaking litigants and nor does it follow that we lose our nationalism when we speak and use the language. History of the Philippine Justice Systems Language according to the Constitution. The influence of the West, first the Spanish then the Americans, is ever apparent in the Filipino life. Governance of its people controlled and manipulated in the last 350 years since its independence in 1935 necessitates adoption of its colonizers justice system. Juco 1969 articulated that Filipinos wanted independence but not many of them really knew what was going on when we were drafting our constitution in 1934-1935. The form and the manner by which independence was to come was left not to the common Filipino citizen, but to the more informed segment of the society à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the elite. Thus, by virtue of the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, the draft of the Philippine constitution patterned after the United State of Americas constitution was began and to be completed the following year. In 1921 Sibayan, 1999, then US President McKinley instructed the Philippine Commission to use English as the medium of instruction in schools, which became the dominant language in several domains such as those in the courts of law, legislation, government, international relations, business and industry. The Philippine constitution has been ratified and amended in 1971, 1973, and 1986. Not much changes were introduced and though renamed and re-titled, the one single provision that remained unchanged is that one found in both 1973 and 1986 charters, under Article XVI, General Provisions, section 3 stating that this Constitution shall be officially promulgated in English and in Filipino, and translated into each dialect spoken by over fifty thousand people, and into Spanish and Arabic. In case of conflict, the English text shall prevail. emphasis mine. Juco seemed to have succinctly expressed his wariness about how our constitution could have taken a different course if the Filipinos back then had been more vigilant, and literate, to insist integration of features unique to our culture. The more-informed segment of society, the elite comprising a minute population, was charged to make decisions and take steps toward independence for the whole nation. Why English? Much can be said about the seeming tolerance of the Filipinos to use the English language in defining its Constitution, much more in drawing the laws that govern the judicial system. In the eyes of the self-proclaimed nationalists, its proliferation goes contrary to the nations aspiration of freedom, of acquiring a unique identity and of veering away from the shadow and therefore borrowed identity of its colonizers. But there seems to be veritably good reasons for using the language when it comes to the judicial system. Ma. Lourdes Bautista, Editor or Manila: the Linguistic Society of the Philippines Sibayan, 1999 wrote that language has domains and sub-domains and even sub-sub-domains. These domains have 1 human population or users of language, 2 support groups and structures, and 3 a tradition of language use. The language domain of the law has for its population lawyers, judges, and professors of law to name just three. Support groups and structures consist of law schools, law courts and the judiciary, the legislature, etc. The tradition of language use in law was Spanish during the Spanish colonial period but has shifted to English in the late 20s. Bautista continued to state that the replacement of Spanish with English as language of the law took roughly three decades, a relatively short time in terms of language shift and replacement. The replacement had not been difficult because 1 the population in the domain consisting of judges and lawyers and interpreters was relatively few and therefore manageable; 2 the law was readily available in English and books and reading materials were easy to procure from the United States; 3 law schools soon taught the law in English and it did not take long before these English speaking, writing, reading users of the language were able to replace the Spanish-educated domain population of lawyers and judges. Bautista offers that it is important to remember that the population and some extent the support groups and structure have to communicate with each other in a particular language game. The Philippine law uses English as its main language à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and it is English of a particular register à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" sometimes referred to loosely as legalese à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" which the untrained cannot understand. This person, the untrained or uninitiated in the legal parlance, is practically an outsider. In the light of the foregoing, is it then enough that a person speaks English to go through the motion of litigation or make judicial decisions and ensure the rights of the people are preserved? I will again quote Bautista in her definition of literacy. She contends that one is not just literate, period. To be highly literate, read well educated, in the modern world, is to be literate in the following aspects: 1 literate in intellectualized language that is used as the working language in science and/or the professions, i. . , the language used in the domain; 2 literate in writing system; 3 literate in a register. Literate in an intellectualized language à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" for example English, Japanese, German, French, Spanish and Russian. Unfortunately while steps are now being undertaken to make Filipino an intellectualized language, it is far from being fully intellectualized to be useful as the main language for obtaining complete education. Take note of this last sentence which proves my point à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Bautista stresses that Filipino in its present state of development cannot be used for teaching and learning the various professions such as those of science, the law, medicine, engineering, etc. However, Filipino is hoped to gain the same posture as the English language in the Philippines since it is highly supported by the government and there are many users that keep it alive. For the time being, it continues to be useful the area of creative writing, literature and the cultural arts. The eternal struggle EssayLaw uses terms that are unique in the profession and therefore, no matter how the judge or the lawyers try to make the language as simple as possible, still it would be largely incomprehensible to the layman. This is why law takes four years on top of undergraduate school. It is the task of the lawyer and the judge to explain the flow of the trial to the litigant. Is it possible for the Filipino to English language shift to take place? Sen. Santiago said that this is most unlikely to happen because  · To shift from English to Filipino in a complete turnover is disruptive and expensive for the State. We do not have the resources to finance the translation into Filipino of all the decisions of the Philippine Supreme Court. These decisions are collected into a series called Philippine Reports with 110 volumes, Supreme Court Reports Annotated with 371 volumes so far and the American Jurisprudence 2nd with 83 volumes. These reference materials that documented preceding classic cases are basic sources of any serious law office. They are like a stethoscope to a doctor or a slide rule to an engineer. They are so basic that any effort to turn over to Filipino necessarily involves the translation of these books to Filipino also.  · This would mean that reference materials sourced from abroad such as decisions of the US Supreme Court, the British Courts and the International Court of Justice would all be translated to Filipino. While these decisions are not derived in the Philippines, they are very authoritative in the judicial profession. As a profession, the law is extensively dependent on precedents, whether here or abroad. Is our language truly that weak according to how scholars picture it? The answer to that may lie on how we value the language and its relation to our literacy and nationalism. Judging from the way our Education system has been pathetically treating the language since the time we were given our so-called freedom, we could see where our problem roots. In school year 2002-2003 DILA Philippines Foundation, Inc. 2002, there are almost 20 million school children enrolled in schools nationwide. Under former Department of Educations Secretary Rocos basic education curriculum, their instruction will begin to focus only on the five subjects of Filipino, English, Mathematics, Science and Makabayan. At best, this is hoped to improve the National Elementary Achievement Test NEAT scores of Sixth Graders, which in 2001 stood at a low 51. 7% when the passing mark is 75%. How is this to be done? By lumping Geography, History, Government and Civics, Home Economics, Livelihood Education and Music and Arts in Makabayan for elementary; and Teknolohiya-Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan, Edukasyong Pangkatawan, Araling Panlipunan, Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga, Philippine History, Asian Studies, World History and Economics for high school students. The mega subject, Makabayan Patriotism is thus to be taught in the Filipino national language. Reason? DepEd is of the opinion that Filipino is better comprehended by school children than any other language. Inasmuch as much of the NEAT questionnaire is written in Filipino, the DepEd hopes to raise average scores by intensifying Filipino instruction in the elementary level. As such, they are going to teach Filipino for the sake of teaching Filipino. Concern for education and literacy as Bautista defined it, is a thing of the past. Literacy rate by the time these children are old enough to understand their rights may not be ideally high. The statistics are quite misleading. In another plane, we boast of having one of the highest literacy rates in Asia à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" more than 90% Tan, 2001 but how much of that is functional? It seems we only like to see numbers and do not care to see deeply still to see how we stand as a literate citizenry. Tan defined a literate citizenry is one that understands the value of listening to all sides, separating fact from fiction. He further opined that as we become truly literate, then we become less gullible, less prone to being fooled by the gimmickry of ads and marketing campaigns or by the shrill and sterile rhetoric of politicians, and in the context of judicial profession in the Philippines, protect self against the circumventions of lawyers and incompetence of judges. Conclusion The English language is the best language to conduct judicial trials in the Philippines because it is the language that sufficiently and adequately sustains the requirements of law. The training, practice and enhancements of skills of lawyers and people in the legal profession are conducted in this language using its Standard/Formal form that requires extensive study and learning. The Constitution provided for this provision that in any case of conflict, the English translation of law shall prevail over our very own language. The Filipino language, though slowly gaining popular acceptance is not ready to replace English in this field. The language is limited in a sense that up to now, it has not provided a vocabulary for certain abstract concepts in law. Language shift, at this time, is not only expensive, it is likewise arduous and ineffectual considering the massive reference materials that also need to be translated in Filipino. The rights of the litigants plaintiff and respondents are guaranteed by the fact that the processes of the trials are clearly explained to them in areas where they need to be apprised of such intricacies using the language most familiar and comprehensible to them. The motion, researches, appreciation and evaluation of cases, or the things done in the back room Defensor-Santiago, 2003 that lie in the hands of the learned people of the law are conducted in English which acclimatize every rule or policy that qualifies them to make sound and fair interpretation of the law. Nationalism is not threatened because it is not the case in point here. The language that we speak does not measure our sense of nationalism. This is a controversial issue since we are still divided as to which dialect should be made the official language of the country. Why Filipino if Filipino or Tagalog is to be made the national language considering that it is just one of the eight most spoken dialects in the country? This has undoubtedly become a source of division among the regions, which sees the choice as iniquitous and biased. DILA 2002 dared say freedom from Filipino means that communities are able to develop and market textbooks in the local language, promote indigenous art and literature, and discard the albatross of cultural inferiority. And if the community so decides to enhance the proficiency of their children in English, let them proceed without the hindrance of over-centralized authority. The time has come to no longer have a national language. More than the language game, whichever language we use, the more important aspect of the whole general picture is still understanding or literacy. This ensures that an active communication of truth, fair judgment and appreciation of facts according to what the law defines will be shared by all parties concerned, not only the ones writing, implementing or deciding the law, but also the one whose rights and destiny are being decided. We cannot compromise truth by insisting on nationalistic pride that is flimsily appreciated to start with. So far, the English language remains to be undisputed in this area.

The Policy Process free essay sample

Before a policy is even established, it goes through several stages which include: agenda building, formulation, adoption, implementation, evaluation and termination. These steps are extremely important and need to be carefully carried out during the policy process to ensure that the policy will indeed solve the problem at hand and to also improve the quality of life for all citizens. Formulation Stage There is a lot that goes into implementing new policies. Before a policy can be created or even formulated, a problem needs to exist. Policy makers need to be prepared to explain the problem at hand and why the issue is so important. When presenting an existing problem, there are several questions to be prepared for such as: What are the implications of not acting? What is at stake? Why is action needed? These questions are important when presenting a problem to the government. Once a problem exists, the government will look into the situation. What is the formulation stage? Well pretty much the formulation stage is where the government seeks different approaches in order to solve the problem at hand. There are typically several people involved in this stage of the process including: Congress, the executive branch, the courts and interest groups (Cliffsnotes. om, n. d. ). Throughout the formulation process different approaches to the policy are made by either the President or by opposition party members of congress. The last part of the formulation stage is that the proposed bill goes before congress in which they or a regulatory agency will draft proposed rules. Once the proposed rules are drafted the process continues on with adoption in which the next process to discuss is the legislation stage. Legislation Stage The legislation stage can often times be very complicated and sometimes is can take months or even years before a bill is even passed. There are several steps in the legislative stage which include: 1. Referral to the committee 2. Committee action * Subcommittee review and hearings * Mark-up sessions * Committee action to report a bill * Publication of written report 3. Scheduling floor action 4. Debate 5. Voting 6. Referral to other chamber 7. Conference committee action 8. Final floor action 9. Executive action 10. Congressional override The first step in the legislative stage is the referral to committee in which the bills are referred to members such as a senator or congressman that are a part of the committee. The second step is committee action, this takes place when a bill reaches the committee and from there they process the bills being introduced and investigate the need for new legislation. Other actions under this step consist of subcommittee review and hearings, where they gather different viewpoints, mark-up sessions which is when the bill is examined and changes are made if necessary, committee action to report a bill is when the committee can conduct further study and hearings and then from there they vote on it before reporting the bill to the full house or enate, finally the last step under step two is the publication of a written report which is when a written report is prepared on the bill, detailing the scope, and impact of the proposed bill as well as the views of other members. The third step is scheduling floor action, this takes place when the bill is reported back to the Chamber and then it is placed on a calendar until the bill is scheduled to come up. The fourth step is the debate. The debate is subjected to specific rules which determine the amount of time that is allowed. Voting is the fifth step which occurs after the debate. During this step the bill is either passed or defeated by the members voting. According to the American Associated of Critical-Care Nurses (2013), a two-thirds vote is required to amend the Constitution, to override a Presidential veto, or to suspend the rules of the Chamber (Para. 15). The sixth step is the referral to other Chamber, this occurs when the House or Senate passes a bill. At this point the Chamber reviews the bill and can either revise it, reject it or to not take any action on it. Conference committee action is the seventh step in which both House of Congress must approve before the bill is sent to the President. If for some reason both Houses of Congress do not reach an agreement then the legislation dies. Final floor action is the eighth step and at this point the Senate and the House must pass the bill again and then it is sent to the President. The ninth step is executive action; this is when the bill is passed on to the President. At this point he signs the bills and then it becomes a law. However, if the President takes longer than ten days to take action then it will automatically become a law. The tenth step is congressional override, this occurs when the President veto’s a bill, at this point Congress can override the vote with both Houses and enact the law without the President’s signature. There are many steps involved in the process of passing a bill, however the bills that are in process affect all individuals in order to solve problems and everyday issues. Implementation Stage The implementation stage is a very important part of the policy process; it is actually the second to the last stage and occurs after a law is passed. During this stage in the process, implementation consists of organizing, funding, staffing, regulating, directing, and coordinating the program. Generally the implementation stage seeks out the goals and objectives of the policy. Most public policies are carried out by administrative agencies in the executive branch, although sometimes the courts get involved in implementing decisions they make (American Government, 2013). Agencies ensure that policies are being carried out by establishing specific policies and procedures and sometimes they offer incentives to those that comply. Those that do not comply with policies and procedures may be penalized. `Conclusion Laws are very important to everyone and affect all different kinds of people. As you can see there is a lot that goes into the policy process, which include many different people and many stages. Policies are reviewed every day and the purpose of them is to solve problems that affect us every day. Polices are established to improve the quality of life and to increase public safety. Throughout this paper we have learned various different stages of the policy process which include the formulation stage, the legislative stage and the implementation stage. The formulation stage is the beginning stage where a policy is suggested due to an existing problem that needs to be solved. Throughout this stage different people are involved in order to seek different approaches in order to solve the problem. The legislative stage is a huge phase in the policy process and has many important people that are involved and many steps that are involved. People that are involved in this process include the President, Congress, Senate and other important members of the government. This is an extremely important process in policy making because this is where polices are carefully thought out and established. Finally the last part of this paper that was discussed what the implementation stage in which we learned that once the law is passed, administrative agencies in the executive branch implement decisions such as organizing, funding, staffing, regulating, directing, and coordinating the program. Basically the idea of the implementation stage is to seek out the goals and objectives of policy. Policies are important to everyone and affect everyone but overall they improve the quality of life. References American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. (2013). Introduction to the Legislative and Regulatory Process. Retrieved from http://www. aacn. org/wd/practice/content/publicpolicy/intro. pcms? menu=practice American Government. (2013). Policy Making: Political Interactions. Retrieved 2/18/2013 from http://www. ushistory. org/gov/11. asp Cliffsnotes. com. (n. d. ). The Policy Making Process. Retrieved from http://www. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/topicarticleid-65383,articleid-65551. html

8 Mistakes Youve Probably Made When Writing Your Essay

8 Mistakes You’ve Probably Made When Writing Your Essay As we write an essay, we make common mistakes. It’s human. These eight seem to be the most common of them all. As you’re editing, keep an eye out for these problems. 1. Homophones You know, â€Å"their†, â€Å"they’re†, and â€Å"there†. You shouldn’t be using these interchangeably. Other popular words that get mistaken for their counterparts are â€Å"weather† and â€Å"whether†, â€Å"read† and â€Å"reed†, â€Å"accept† and â€Å"except† – there are several dozen more. Don’t make this mistake in your formal essays. Your professor won’t be impressed. 2. Basic Spelling The first time you read through your paper, you should catch the vast majority of these mistakes. Pay close attention to your spelling. Once homophone mistakes are eliminated, there should only be obvious spelling errors to catch. Since Microsoft Word and other processors usually catch these mistakes, you shouldn’t have an impossible job ahead of you. 3. Sentence Fragments You’ll be able to edit this portion of your paper by reading it out loud. There are a variety sentences that, without another sentence prefacing them, couldn’t stand alone? Eliminate these phrases, or group them in with other sentences. Just make sure all of your sentences are complete. Your professor is going to be looking for that. It’s a significant part of a formal essay. 4. Using First Person Narrative In other words, avoid these words – I, me, may, you, your, we, our. These are just a few examples. A formal essay shouldn’t point to the writer or the reader. Rather, it should point to a hypothetical situation – a world separate altogether from ours. Keep in mind that, when you’re writing informally, these words can be used as often as you’d like. It’s just a formality. It’s keeping your paper clean. 5. Bad Spacing If your paper should be doubled spaced, make it double spaced. If your paper should be single spaced, make it single spaced. But there’s more to it than that. Overall, your paper should look even and neat. If it doesn’t, there might be something wrong with your spacing. Keep a close eye on this – most students don’t catch it. 6. Missing Topic Sentences / Transitions Again, noticing these issues will come from reading your paper out loud. What’s wrong with your sentence structure? What transitions are you missing? Is the paper clear? Do you have a thesis statement? What components of a basic essay structure are you missing, and what components do you already have? 7. Flawed Punctuation Never use exclamation points in a formal essay. Unless, of course, you’re sharing a quote. It just isn’t worth it. You’re not impressing anybody. Also, try not to spend too much time asking questions of the reader. Your professor didn’t assign you a paper because they wanted to do the work. Answer the questions throughout your paper – don’t ask them. 8. Unclear Points If there’s anything in your essay that appears unclear, assume that it’s going to seem even more unclear to a reader who isn’t inside your head. Make everything as clear and concise as possible. You’ll regret it, if you don’t. You think you dont make these mistakes because they are obvious. Dont be so sure, experts of custom dissertation writing service often meet these mistakes even in large papers such as a dissertation.

Free Essays on Pornography And Women

The debate of women in pornography has been a well developed over the decades. With the emergence of women’s liberation there have been several organizations against the pornography industry such as Women against Pornography (WAP), Women against Violence Against Women (WAVAW), and Women against Violence in Pornography and the Media (WAVPM) (Cowan 347). These groups focus on the issue of women’s objectification in pornography and the results of these images to the public. Yet as these groups have emerged, the pornography industry has suffered little. Anywhere you go via Internet, newsstand, or video store the market for pornography is enormous. Even though this industry creates billion dollar revenues, is it harmful against women in their efforts to break gender stereotypes and towards equal rights to men? Even though women in pornography participate from their own free will, the impact on the public is what has to be observed. These sexual images created by magazines and videos show women with unattainable beauty. The women themselves have been primped through hours of professional hair and makeup before they are photographed with precise lighting and posing. These images are then reconstructed and manipulated through the technology of computer graphics and of â€Å"airbrushing† the women’s imperfections. These women are not even ideal with their looks alone. The look is achieved with the aid of manipulation through posing, lighting, or through computers. Pornography is a creation at reality yet is unreal in many ways. The sitting for many of these spreads are not particularized because the actors do not relate to their surroundings (Faust 29). It is the capture of one moment of a sexual act that is supposed to summarize all the pretenses to sexual arousal in that picture. There is no place for contraception or hygiene in this fantasy and an image of one moment is captured with no regards to the progress of sexual arousal. Th... Free Essays on Pornography And Women Free Essays on Pornography And Women The debate of women in pornography has been a well developed over the decades. With the emergence of women’s liberation there have been several organizations against the pornography industry such as Women against Pornography (WAP), Women against Violence Against Women (WAVAW), and Women against Violence in Pornography and the Media (WAVPM) (Cowan 347). These groups focus on the issue of women’s objectification in pornography and the results of these images to the public. Yet as these groups have emerged, the pornography industry has suffered little. Anywhere you go via Internet, newsstand, or video store the market for pornography is enormous. Even though this industry creates billion dollar revenues, is it harmful against women in their efforts to break gender stereotypes and towards equal rights to men? Even though women in pornography participate from their own free will, the impact on the public is what has to be observed. These sexual images created by magazines and videos show women with unattainable beauty. The women themselves have been primped through hours of professional hair and makeup before they are photographed with precise lighting and posing. These images are then reconstructed and manipulated through the technology of computer graphics and of â€Å"airbrushing† the women’s imperfections. These women are not even ideal with their looks alone. The look is achieved with the aid of manipulation through posing, lighting, or through computers. Pornography is a creation at reality yet is unreal in many ways. The sitting for many of these spreads are not particularized because the actors do not relate to their surroundings (Faust 29). It is the capture of one moment of a sexual act that is supposed to summarize all the pretenses to sexual arousal in that picture. There is no place for contraception or hygiene in this fantasy and an image of one moment is captured with no regards to the progress of sexual arousal. Th...

Knowledge Management Systems Human Dimension and Organizational Essay

Knowledge Management Systems Human Dimension and Organizational Culture - Essay Example This paper is aimed at understanding knowledge management systems. The main focus is to understand the importance of â€Å"people† dimension of knowledge management and how wrong organizational culture can lead ineffective knowledge management. The discussion of people dimension of knowledge management is built on the following statement by Randall Sellers: â€Å"The challenge is managing the people who manage the knowledge† (Turban et al., 2007). Recent theories and practices in knowledge management are discussed and examples are given to support the discussion. Knowledge Management Systems Knowledge is gained in numerous ways and in an organizations knowledge comes out of processing information available throughout the organization in the form of data. Also, employees gain knowledge in different ways (personal experiences, individual learning, etc) and this knowledge shared with the entire organization can be of great help to the whole organization. Knowledge management systems or knowledge management is the process of creating knowledge repositories, improving access to available knowledge and sharing/communicating through collaboration. It also focuses on enhancement of knowledge environment and management of knowledge as organization’s asset. Therefore, knowledge management can be best defined as the systematic actions taken by an organization or that an organization can take in order to extract the best possible value out of the knowledge available throughout the organization (Coakes, 2003).... But there are many challenges that the organizations face in implementing knowledge management systems effectively. The concept of knowledge management is relatively new and the literature is still growing. One of the main challenges in knowledge management is managing the people who manage knowledge. Randall Sellers points this out brilliantly when he says that knowledge management is only 20 percent IT and the rest is change management which mainly deals with human interfaces and cultural change (Turban et al., 2007). Knowledge Management and People Dimension â€Å"The challenge is managing the people who manage the knowledge†. By this statement Randall Sellers implies that the more important task in knowledge management is not just making the knowledge available to the employees but to convince them to participate in the process of knowledge management. Employees need to be encouraged and motivated to exchange and share their ideas and experiences. The systems need to be de signed in such a way that it is easy to share. Implementation of knowledge management is definitely a change process and employees are bound to offer resistance to the change. It is this management of the people (workforce) that Randall Sellers refers to in his statement (Turban et al., 2007). Knowledge Management Systems – Importance of People Even though it is believed that the human dimension is more important than technology, the current literature on knowledge management is mainly technology oriented. It is highly important to understand that technology makes it possible only to accumulate knowledge systematically and make it easily accessible. But the mechanism by which this knowledge affects the performance of the